Monday, January 26, 2009

Joseph Addison  Neoclassical
Richard Steele 

Info
- transformed journalism into serious literature <==both men
Works
- The Tatler
- exagerration
- deplores decline of drama from intellectual satire to mere physical spectacle and the degeneration of coffeehouse conversation from literary discussion to gamblers' arguments
-predicts death of popular astrologer

- The Spectator
- pleasantly announced author's intent to satirize evil wherever it is found

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.
bonus points

have a parent subscribe to your blog and respond to one post, then see mrs. baniaga

:)

Thursday, January 22, 2009

James Thomson  Neoclassical

Info
- Scottish poet and playwright (dramatic writer/dramatist)
- set apart from Robert Burns
Works

Winter
- brought notice he sought
- speaks especially to the Christian, who sees his Creator's work in the tempest as well as in the calm orderliness of the physical world

Summer; Spring; Autumn

The Seasons
- pointed new directions for English poetry
- signaled demand for poems of natural description and sentimental reflection
- readers ready for alternative to heroic couplet
- forerunners of 19th-century romantic practice
- neoclassical didacticism - tends to move from description to moralization

Terms
- heroic couplet
- blank verse - unrhymed iambic pentameter
- epic - long, stylized narrative poem celebrating deeds of a national or ethnic hero
- poetic diction
- personification - giving human characteristics to nonhuman objects
- apostrophe - addressing an inanimate/absent object as if it were able to reply
- periphrases - roundabout, more elegant designation of something common
- didacticism - instruction in literature

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.
John Dryden Neoclassical

Info
- first of the moderns
- field preacher
- both poetry and prose
- versatility
- envisaged new age of reasonableness and scientific progress
- poet laureate and historiographer
- satirical poetry made him politically respected and feared
- claim to greatness rests upon his versatility
- civilized literary language; established heroic couplet as dominant verse form
- art of rational control

Works
- "Of Satire" - be careful of what you say
- Absalom and Achitophel - allegorical satire attacking the Whigs
- The Medal
- Mac Flecknoe
- Religio Laici - defended Anglicanism against deism and Roman Catholicism
- The Hind and the Panther
- Fables Ancient and Modern
- "To My Honored Friend, Dr. Charleton"

Terms
- poet laureate - the official poet of a nation or region
- occasional verse - poetry written to enhance or make memorable a particular occasion, normally public and contemporary
- heroic couplets - couplets of iambic pentameter
- satirical poetry - corrective ridicule
- allegorical - literal and implied level of meaning
- poetic diction - artificially selected and refined language once considered essential to poetic expression; heavy use of personification, apostrophe, and periphrasis
- epigram - short, highly compressed poem making a wise or humorous point

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.

Reasons for My Presentation Tips

1. Keep it simple and concise.  Do not waste your audience's time.
As the saying goes, "Time is money."  But, unlike money, time is irreplaceable.  Plus, conciseness is more powerful than wordiness.

2. Project your voice.  Speak to the person farthest away from you.
I know that I'm soft-spoken, but I often fail to realize how quiet my voice is, so this tip is especially important for me.  My audience is less likely to gain anything useful from my presentation if they can't hear me.

3. Do not read from your notes.  Occasionally glance at them if you need to.
This is important in establishing credibility with your audience.  The more you know without referring back to your notes, the more professional you'll come across as.  Thus, adequate preparation is vital.  However, as evidenced by my two presentations, I am a hypocrite regarding this tip.

4. Use appropriate body language.  Keep hand gestures and facial expressions natural.
Movement is more stimulating to the eye than stillness is.  Good posture is important too, for both your presence and your health.

5. Maintain eye contact with your audience.  Keep them involved and engaged.
The presentation is for the audience, so give it to them, not to your notes or to the Powerpoint slides.  Otherwise, you will appear uninterested in your audience.

6. Mind your manners.  Be professional, polite, courteous, cool, and collected.
This tip is important for the presenter's reputation.  An audience will be both more responsive and more open to a well-mannered presenter than to one who insults them.

7. Be enthusiastic.  Have fun with your presentation!  Your passion will be both contagious and an automatic confidence booster.
Don't you get excited just thinking about your favorite hobby?  You know its good points and can articulate them to other people.  If you can demonstrate the same degree of enthusiasm for your presentation by finding the silver lining on the presentation cloud, both you and your audience will be more relaxed (as long as you aren't overbearing).

8. Focus on your audience's needs.  Don't just talk about yourself; talk about what you can do for your audience.
Your audience will be more likely to listen to you if you can show them how your information will benefit them.  Stay away from narcissism.

9. Think like a boy scout: Be prepared for anything!  Come early to set up in case problems come up.
The projector stops functioning; your laptop battery dies; or a computer virus erases your Powerpoint file.  Many things can go wrong, so be prepared enough to give your presentation without any props.  This will not only thoroughly prepare you, but your forethought will also impress your audience in the event that something does fall through.

10. Confidence!  Know your material and be prepared.  Your confidence will give an automatic impression of credibility.
The more I know about a given subject, the less nervous I am.  The resulting confidence evokes a sense of credibility since I know what I am talking about.

Wednesday, January 21, 2009

Robert Burns Neoclassical

Info
- Scottish heaven-taught plowman
- untaught poetic genius needed to vindicate romantic faith
- superb lyricist-perhaps the greatest in English-in all his rustic trappings
- Scottish dialect - Ayrshire
- Spenserian stanza - partly in dialectical Scots and partly in literary English, unites separate traditions-English and Scottish, literary and popular, etc-from which he drew
- 18th-century Scottish literary nationalism
- great master of 18th-century satire in English and of such conventional forms such as the ode and the verse epistle
- stands in front rank of poets who have expressed with simplicity the common feelings of mankind
- poems inlaid with epigrammatic moralism

Works
- "A Red, Red Rose" - hyperbole
- Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect - one of most remarkable first volumes of verse ever published
- "The Holy Fair"; "Holy Willie's Prayer" - satirized community orthodoxy
- "To a Mouse"; "To a Louse" - sympathy for downtrodden and scorn for mighty
- "A Cotter's Saturday Night"
- The Scots Musical Museum and a Select Collection of Scottish Airs

Terms
- Spenserian stanza - 9-line stanza rhyming ababbcbcc with eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a line of iambic hexameter
- ode - long, highly stylized lyric poem written in complex stanza on serious theme and often for specific occasion
- verse epistle - poem, usually of high seriousness, takes form of address to friend

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greeville, SC: Bob Jones University, 1992.
William Cowper  Neoclassical

Info
- mentally unstable
- poetry marks passing of neoclassicism among major English poets
- produced some of most richly sensitive verse to appear between eras of Pope and Wordsworth, including three of our most beautiful hymns
- insanity turned him into serious poet whose poems have stirred generations to Christian praise and reflection
- poems combine neoclassical moralism with romantic delight in a rural landscape
- although tormented by fears and sorrows, was wonderfully supplied by God with spiritual advisors, caring friends, and wise spiritual counsel
- didn't draw fully from spiritual resources
- spiritual life was not one of constant defeat

Works
- The Task and Other Poems - greatest poem; major link between James Thomson and romantics
- Olney Hymns
- Poems by William Cowper of the Inner Temple, Esq.
- "The Diverting History of John Gilpin" - comical ballad

Terms
- neoclassicism
- ballad - a short, simple narrative song
- common meter - a variation of ballad stanza (the first and third lines usually rhyme) prevalent among hymns
- ballad stanza - four iambic lines, of which the first and third have four stresses and the second and fourth have three stresses and rhyme

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.

Tuesday, January 20, 2009

Thomas Gray  Neoclassical

Info
- first mood poetry - feeling is more important
- best of the mid-century poets of solitary meditation, who revived tradition of John Milton in era still dominated by Dryden and Pope
- a life whose input exceeded output
- fear of fire

Works
- Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
- finest poem of somber reflection
- best loved poem in English language
- praised on neoclassical grounds - human breadth of its thought and appeal
- the need to be remembered
- Collected Poems

Terms
- elegy - lyric poem honoring the dead or meditating on death
- poetic diction - artificially selected and refined language once considered essential to poetic expression; neoclassical - excluded much ordinary vocabulary
- romanticism - reaction against neoclassicism; emphasized individual, imagination,natural, and originality

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.

Oliver Goldsmith  Neoclassical

Info
- most versatile writer of Johnson circle
- achieved excellence in four important genres: periodical essay, novel, drama (satirical comedy), and formal poem of serious reflection

Works
- The Deserted Village - best known work; melancholic nostalgia
- example of simple English rural life
- Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe - traced decay of literature to dull academics in schools and to decline of literacy patronage by aristocracy
- The Citizen of the World - external, rational perspective from which to satirize English social behavior
- The Vicar of Wakefield
- She Stoops to Conquer - attempts to revive Restoration comedy of manners

Terms
- satirical comedy
- comedy of manners - witty, often licentious satirical comedy popular during reign of Charles II
- sentimental comedy - highly emotionalized and moralized comedy designed to arouse benevolent feelings
-sentimentalism - 18th century reaction against neoclassicism; aim to arouse humane feelings through pathos

Citation
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.
Daniel Defoe  Neoclassical

Info
- England's first great journalist
- Father of the English novel
- Whig; survived political tumults of his time
- pamphlets, periodicals, and novels
- wrote for Tory periodicals to weaken them

Works
-Robinson Crusoe - most famous work
- allegory of his life, or rather life he wished to have had
- The Shortest Way with Dissenters => imprisonment
- A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France
- Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque; Roxana

Terms
- allegory - a story with a literal and implied level of meaning
- verisimilitude - the inclusion of minute detail to create an illusion of actuality
- narration - the telling of a story by a character or by the author himself

Citations
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.

Thursday, January 15, 2009

Digital Footprint and Creed

When I think of the term "digital footprint," I immediately think of "carbon footprint."  The two are remarkably similar.  According to carbonfootprint.com, a carbon footprint is "a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change," or "a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tonnes (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent."  Similarly, according to Pew Research Center Publications, a digital footprint is an "online data trail."  To put it into my own words, it is the various ways by which one's name is left in the Internet, whether it be by photos, videos, or online credit card purchases.  Just as we physically change the natural world that we live in, so do we leave our marks on the electronic world that we have created.

Erosion, natural disasters, or simply time could erase our carbon footprints.  However, with today's advancements in technology, our digital footprints are not easily lost.  A computer scientist or a hacker can retrieve lost or deleted data and display it for the world to see.  Therefore, my creed is to avoid any actions online that could dishonor God or myself.  I would not want anyone to doubt His goodness based on dirty marks on my digital footprint.  Also, He has given me the freedom to use the Internet, so I must be a proper steward of that freedom and not abuse it.  I need to be careful to not post personal information such as my address, phone number, social security number, or anything else that could jeopardize my safety.


Citations
Madden, Mary, Susannah Fox, Aaron Smith, and Jessica Vitak. "Digital Footprints: Online Identity Management and Search iin the Age of Transparency." Pew Research Center Publications. 16 Dec. 2007. Pew Research Center. 15 Jan. 2009 .

"What is a Carbon Footprint?" Carbon Footprint. 15 Jan. 2009 .
Alexander Pope Neoclassical

Info
- chief poet of his age
- satirical poetry
- aim as a poet - to render truth beautiful and memorable
- poetic counterpart of Jonathan Swift
- leading spokesman for values of Augustan period of British literature
- focus on 1) his strengths and 2) achieving perfection in standard neoclassical verse form, heroic couplets, and in the familiar neoclassical genres
- the most "correct" poet of his age
- most often quoted British author besides Shakespeare

Works - 3 Periods
- 1709-1714
- Pastorals
An Essay on Criticism - brilliant distillation of neoclassical literary theory into verse
- The Rape of the Lock - mock-heroic burlesque
- 1715-1726
- Iliad and Odyssey
- 1726 - satirist and moralist age
- Dunciad - mock epic ridiculing pedantry and Lewis Theobald
- An Essay on Man - attempts to found universal system of morality on natural theology
- through natural observation and reason, "to vindicate the ways of God to man"; to summon man to his moral duty

Terms
- sentimentalists - 18th century reaction against neoclassicism; aim to arouse humane feelings through scenes of contentment
- burlesque - mocks subject by incongruous imitation of either its style (parody) or content (travesty)
- didacticism - instruction in literature


Citations
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.
Jonathan Swift Neoclassical

Info
- author of supreme neoclassical satire in prose fiction
- wrote in defense of dispassionate reason
- "to cultivate reason and to be wholly governed by it"
- reason - intellectual perception and judgement that raises man above beasts
- disappointed opportunist whose frustrated ambition embittered his mind
- affected by Enlightenment optimism
- believed in cyclical rise and fall of civilized nations rather than in inevitable march of progress

Works
- The Battle of the Books - allegorical fantasy ridiculing controversy over merits of ancient and modern writers
- A Tale of a Tub - argues allegorically for reasonableness of Anglican church
- An Argument to Prove That the Abolishing of Christianity in England May, As Things Now Stand, Be Attended with Some Inconvenience - first ironic treatise; questions wisdom of abolishing Test Act
- The Conduct of the Allies; The Public Policy and the Whigs - attacked pro-war policy of Whigs
- A Modest Proposal - strategy: arouse moral indignation in audience, then turn that indignation back upon audience itself
- Travels Into Several Remote Nations of the World; Gulliver's Travels - "to vex the world, rather than divert [entertain] it"
- A Letter to a Young Clergyman - advocating simplicity of language


Citations
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greeville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.
The Neoclassical Period (1688-1789)

Info
- neoclassicism - era of rationalism/Enlightenment in literature and other arts
- social and economic condition
- period of turbulent and often painful changes
- rationalism - human reason other than revelation or authority is source of all knowledge; orthodoxy deadening into traditionalism
- traditionalism - reverence for tradition as source of authority
- neoclassical idea of man and world was neither new nor entirely at odds with Christian worldview

Terms
- epic - long, stylized poem celebrating deeds of national or ethnic hero
- epigram - short poem making wise/humorous observation ending with witty twist
- genre - standard type or category of literature
- tragedy - drama ending unhappily
- satire - corrective ridicule
- comedies - drama ending happily
- odes
- heroic couplet - couplets of iambic pentameter
- realism - attempt to create illusion of reality by use of seemingly random detail or by inclusion of ordinary or unpleasant in life
- sentimental drama
- fiction

Citations
Horton, Ronald A. British Literature for Christian Schools. Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1992.